Challenge

Nonparametric bounds for risk functions—which characterize the range of causal effects consistent with observed data under partial identification—had not been derived in a form accessible for applied epidemiologic use.

Solution

Target RWE researchers and UNC collaborators derived and published nonparametric bounds for the risk function, providing an accessible framework for epidemiologists to quantify the range of causal risk differences consistent with observed data.

Impact

Providing nonparametric bounds methodology for risk functions expands Target RWE's sensitivity analysis toolkit, enabling pharma partners to demonstrate robustness of real-world effectiveness findings to unobserved confounding.